Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898-1935." Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898-1935. George Mason University, Oct. 2003. Web. 08 Dec. 2015. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/d/192.html >
This site supports different opinions on the negative impacts of imperialism from 1898 to 1935. This is valuable to my website under the encounter and exchange political tab. The original documents from the anti-imperialist league (registries, sign-in logs for meetings, pamphlets, political position papers, etc.) gives validity to my websites anti-imperialist argument against annexation of Hawaii and other countries.
"Baptism of Kalanimoku, King's Prime Minister, on Board the Uranie, August 12, 1819, Sandwich Islands." 123RF Stock Photos. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2015. <http://www.123rf.com/stock-photo/antique_baptism.html> This photo is from the Journal of traveling around world of Madame Rose de Saulces de Freycinet (1794-1832). This picture shows the Hawaiian flag flying in the background during a Christian baptism of a Hawaiian leader. Less than 100 years later the U.S. has taken over Hawaii and has taken down the Hawaiian flag. This is used on my thesis tab page because it represents the acceptance and trust of the Hawaiian leaders towards the explorers and the end result of that trust.
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: 1774-Present. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Sept. 2015. <http://bioguide.congress.gov> This site reveals the history of various Senators and Representatives actions and voting. It helps clarify their position on Hawaiian issues, how they publicly spoke about an issue, and historical proof of how they voted on controversial bills. This is relevant to my tab page on political encounters and exchanges and has quotes from Vice President Calhoun.
Brightwell Eric. "No Enclave -- Exploring Hawaiian Los Angeles." Eric Brightwell. N.p., 16 May 2015. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. <http://ericbrightwell.com/2015/05/16/no-enclave-exploring-hawaiian-los-angeles/>This Hawaiian navigators sailed multi-hulled canoes in 1781. This is relevant to my culture tab on my website because it shows early advanced navigation skills and scientific advancement of the Hawaiians in historical context to the rest of the world. This site also has many photos of early settlers and the wide range of ethnic diversity of people that immigrated to Hawaii.
"Cook Cartographers." Geographicus. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015 <http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/Hawaii-cook-1785> Map of the Hawaiian Islands (Sandwich Islands) printed by G. Nicol and T. Cadell for the 1785 edition of Captain James Cook and James King’s. This site gives an account about the death of some of the explorers due to disrespect, ignorance and aggression towards the natives and their culture. It strengthens my anti-imperialism argument and demonstrates the arrogance of the explorers.
FARRINGTON Wallace W. "History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy, Page 9." History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy, Page 9. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Nov. 2015. <http://www.donch.com/lulhlatyrs9.htm> This site has excellent rare posters from businessmen of the "Big 5" in Hawaii and enhances my economic tab on my website. It gives historical facts about the business founders (non-Hawaiian). This site also gives insight into the depth of all the businesses (banks, shipping companies, etc.) the sugar barons acquired and the economic power that held against the native Hawaiians.
Handbooks on the Missions of the Episcopal Church: Hawaiian Islands (1927). N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2016 <http://anglicanhistory.org/hawaii/missions1927/> Pictures of Hawaiian Children’s Home and children from the Queen's orphanages. The Queen established many children's homes for kids of multiple races and was a devout Christian in her deeds and words. This site gave insight into her generosity and kindness towards the powerless.
Hasegawa Lowe, Robin Yoko Racoma (1993) Liliuokalani , Kamehameha Schools Press, p. 12 Picture on personal background page credited to Bishop Museum, photographer Menzies Dickson Ruby. This photograph of the Queen was when she was at the Royal School and where she received an advanced education fitting a person of royalty. This site gives the personal history of her extensive education and preparation to be a ruling Queen. It provides an educated opinion on her ability to lead the Hawaiian islands.
"Hawaii Alive." Bishop Museum Archives. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2015. <http://www.hawaiialive.org/viewer.php?resource=391&hostType=sub&hostID=47> Image from Bishop Museum Archives, Honolulu, Hawaii. Images are workers loading sugar cane onto train cars at Ewa Plantation; Hawai‘i. ca. late 1800-1905. Laborers were a very important part of the profitable sugar business but the labors were often not treated well and bordered on slaves on some plantations. This site gives insight and contrasts how people were independent and lived off the land prior to the explorers; their goals were not huge profits.
"Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection." Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection Royalty. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2015. <http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php? > These are pictures of the royal family from the state archives. This site verifies dates and names of family members. This site has a rare picture of the Queen with her husband who was an American. The site has beneficial information about the line of her royal lineage.
"Hawaiian Kingdom - International Treaties." Hawaiian Kingdom - International Treaties. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. <http://www.hawaiiankingdom.org/treaties.shtml> This is the two page treaty for The Hawaiian delegation (on July 6, 1846) signed by U.S. President Tyler. The purpose of the treaty was to recognize Hawaiian independence and to protect them from being overthrown. This is solid evidence to my argument the annexation was illegal but overlooked in the name of imperialism.
"Hawaiian Monarch Divides Land; Paves Way for Foreign Ownership - Timeline - Native Voices." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/310.html> This is a page from the Mahele Book, a series of four notebooks in which the division of lands between King Kamehameha III and the ali‘i‘ (chiefs) of Hawai'i was recorded. This is in the King's own hand writing and is the beginning of when lands were also set aside for private ownership and was the beginning of large masses of land being owned by missionaries and big businesses. This is a turning point where the explorers are invested legally to rule over large parcels of land. "Her Majesty's Government." Hawaiian Kingdom. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://historymystery.grassrootinstitute.org/2008/04/04/liliuokalanis-abdication-and-loyalty-oath/>On January 24, 1895 ex-queen Liliuokalani signed a five-page letter of abdication and a one-page oath of loyalty to the Republic of Hawaii. This demonstrates how she was trying to avoid war and trusted the U.S. government to have a fair resolution and did not expect total annexation and to lose her country.
"Home - Queen Liliuokalani Trust." Home - Queen Liliuokalani Trust. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Jan. 2016. <onipaa.orgHawaii State Archives. Call Number: PP-97-13-003> This site has pictures of the Queen Liliuokalani Trust orphanage and has rare photos of her family. The trust is a perpetual fund supported with the Queen's own money.
Kalua Hookano. "MEMORIAL.". Hawaii Independent and Sovereign, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015. http://www.hawaii-nation.org/legal.html This website contains useful collections of varied primary sources. There are original legal treaties, presidential messages, acts, constitutions, and other policies. These documents show how the Hawaiian Islands were supposed to be protected from foreign invasion and that they were officially a well organized government with established leaders, laws and public services.
Keawe Manalo-Camp Adam. ""E Ola Ke AliÊ»i Ke Akua"" YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqRB83I3X24> "E Ola Ke Aliʻi Ke Akua" The royal anthem of Hawai'i during the reign of Kamehameha IV and based on the British anthem, "God Save the King". Lyrics by the then Prince William Charles Lunalilo.
Keltie, J. Scott. The Statesmen's Yearbook 1895 Statistical and Historical Annual of The States of the World for Year 1895. Vol. 32. London: St. Martin's, 1895. Print. Annual Publication. <http://www.statesmansyearbook.com/entry?entry=sybarchives_y1895> This book has annual data on imports and exports and sales amounts coming into the United States. For the year of 1893, Hawaii exported $10,200,958 in sugar, $317,473 in rice, $105,096 in bananas and $32,259 in wool. 91% of their total trade was with the United States. This information shows how much sugar was in demand in the U.S. and how much money was being made by the top sugar producers who had a great financial interest in annexing Hawaii.
Martin Kelly. "President Pictures." About.com Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2015. <http://americanhistory.about.com/od/uspresidents/ig/Images-of-US-Presidents/> Images of presidents originate from the Library of Congress. These are pictures that are archived by the government for all the past and present presidents.
Newton Soong Leh Kaleo'o Ka Moana De Leon. "High Chiefess Keakealaniwahine." Geni_family_tree. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2015. <http://www.geni.com/people/High-Chiefess-Keakealaniwahine/6000000008312552267> This is a history of Keakealaniwahine. She was a High Chiefess and ruler All Nui of Hawaiianlineage. She was the sovereign queen or "High Chiefess Keakealaniwahine. This is valuable to show Queens lineage goes back to an early ruler. This site also contains the picture of the family tree and other important links to the Queen’s family and puts leaders and dates of exploration into historical context.
Queen Liliuokalani. “Queen Liliuokalani's Statement at Her Trial for Treason, 1895.” Major Problems in the History of the American West, edited by Clyde A. Milner II. et al. These are statements made by the Queen Liliuokalani, about her house arrest, the unfairness of imperialism, and how the explorers and businessmen unfairly treated her country. She was being tried for having stored arms and not declaring them and being a radical revolutionist. Which is ridiculous since the illegal revolutionary “Committee of Safety,” organized by Sanford B. Dole, coup against Queen Liliuokalani was supported by our own armed military and imposed a provisional government.
"St. Paul Daily Globe. (Saint Paul, Minn.) 1884-1896, February 03, 1893, Image 1." News about Chronicling America RSS. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2015. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059522/1893-02-03/ed-1/seq-1/> This is a cartoon of Queen Liliuokalani. This cartoon is from 1893 and shows how racism was commonly accepted and found to be funny. I used it in my website to show how the Queen and her people was commonly seen and disrespected.
"The Saint Paul Globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, June 18, 1897, Image 1." News about Chronicling America RSS. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2016. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059523/1897-06-18/ed-1/seq-1/> This is a cartoon I used of “ Uncle Sam and Hawaii Annexation from the The Saint Paul globe., June 18, 1897. This was included on my website to show how the U.S. was motivated by sugar and money to push towards annexation.
"The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hawaii-petition/images/hawaii-petition-01.jpg.> This website has the petition against the annexation of Hawaii, which was written in 1897, one year before annexation was passed. There is a men’s and a women’s petition and this proves and validates the majority (signed by 21,269 native Hawaiian people, or more than half the 39,000) did not want annexation.
"The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015. <https://hdnpblog.wordpress.com/historical-articles/native-hawaiians-petition-against-u-s-annexation-2/> This is the newspaper announcement of the annexation of Hawaii in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July 14, 1898 and discusses the petition against annexation.
"University of Texas Libraries." University of Texas Libraries Historical Maps of the United States of America. Edumaps, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2015. <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ward_1912/us_expansion_1848.jpg >Map courtesy of Cambridge University Press. This is a map showing the U.S. territories in the mid 1800’s it is being used on the research page near an old Hawaii map of the same era. The deposed Queen of Hawaii is sitting in the middle of the maps showing her caught in-between the past and present Hawaii.
Secondary sources
Agate A.T.. J.A. Rolph. "Media Information." Grove of Tutui Trees, Kauai. Drawn by A.T. Agate. J.A. Rolph Sc., N.Y. (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. 1845). Cornell University Library, n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2015. <http://lunaprod.library.cornell.edu:8280/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~32617~1151987:Grove-of-tutui-trees,-Kauai--Drawn> Image Missionaries preaching under kukui groves, 1841 by A.T. Agate. Drawing in 1841 by an artist with a gathering of Christians both natives and explorers. The explorers are in their native clothing and not European conservative clothing. The female natives often went topless and nudity was not an issue or concern until the Europeans arrived and stated it was sinful and barbaric.
Banchiarts. "History of Hawaii." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mON9j4eZhxE This gives the history of whaling and farming. Video used on website (a clip) and shows the natural beauty of Hawaii.
Benally, Suzanne. "Annexing Hawaii: The Real Story." Cultural Survival. N.p., 26 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Dec. 2015. <https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/united-states/annexing-hawaii-real-story>. Information confirming that ultimately, by establishing a government without the consent of the governed and by denying the indigenous peoples a political voice or vote, there would be no democracy. This validates the thesis of my website and my conclusion. No matter what the Queen did or proved, annexation was going to take place.
Borreca Richard. "Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News." Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Sept. 2015. <http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/06/16/millennium/story4.html> Quote“The missionaries for their part persisted in a curious argument which held that only the private ownership of lands would save the Hawaiian race from extinction" Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa. This website shares anti-imperialism stories . It shows how the missionaries gained financially and what they did to the natives what not Godly by any perspective.
Campbell, A.E. Expansion and Imperialism. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1970. This book contained different professional historian essays relating to imperialism. It examines motives, people, policies, and other parts of imperialism and expansion. This book also leads to other primary and secondary sources that strengthens my stand on the boldness and disregard for the law in the name of imperialism.
Coffey, Walter. "WalterCoffey.com." WalterCoffeycom The Bount Report. N.p., 12 May 2013. Web. 10 Oct. 2015. <https://waltercoffey.wordpress.com/tag/blount-report/> This site further proved the only way to annex a foreign territory was through a treaty, and under the Constitution, all treaties need a two-thirds majority vote by the Senate for ratification. Politicians bypassed this which made the Hawaiian annexation unconstitutional and lead to the Apology resolution decades later.
"Commercial Agriculture and Whaling Transform Hawai'i - Timeline - Native Voices." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/268.html >European and American whalers use Hawaii as their base and played a major role in changing the Hawaiian economy from trade-based to cash-based. Pic on site also used of whaling.
"Contents." The Age of Imperialism. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2015. <http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/ > I used part of president Cleveland speech about his desire to aid in the restoration of the status existing before the lawless landing of the United States forces at Honolulu. President Cleveland is an anti-imperialist at heart but does not hold up to pressure from reports and outside business and political leaders and his time ran out in office to help Hawaii.
"Crucible." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. <http://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl7.html > Theodore Roosevelt wrote to a friend in the year 1897: Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy "I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one". This quote shows the attitude that the U.S. military was pro war to bring the government and people together. The Queen was against the loss of life.
Dana Seufert. "Liliuokalani-He Mele Lahui Hawai'i." YouTube. YouTube, 23 Aug. 2008. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIDoJUpa7cE> This is an orchestra playing Liliuokalani-He Mele Lahui Hawai'I God save the king audio. This is a tribute to the Queen and shows her people honor her even those she had been deposed. Even though the U.S. no longer saw Liliuokalani as royalty, her people still honored her as their sovereign.
Daws Gavan, Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1974). I used parts of this book for images on my website. It has original surfing pictures and Hawaiian people and does not make it look like a tourism poster. They are very historical and respectful of the culture.
Dole, Richard B. "Big Five Held Tight Control over Hawaii Business - Pacific Business News." Widgets RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2013. <http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/print-edition/2013/09/27/big-five-held-tight-control-over.html> Quote used. “The “Big Five” sugar companies , Alexander & Baldwin, American Factors, C. Brewer, Castle & Cooke and Theo. H. Davies once held a tight control of business and government in the Territory of Hawaii, including the banks. With interlocking directors, they could decide who would receive money and who would not”. Richard B. Dole. It is relevant to my site to see how the white businessmen had such control over Hawaiian business and in the end, the overthrow of the Queen. Richard Dole is a family member of the large pineapple empire and land monopoly in Hawaii. "Full Text of "Hawaiian Antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii)"" Full Text of "Hawaiian Antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii)" N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Sept. 2015. <https://archive.org/stream/hawaiianantiquit00malorich/hawaiianantiquit00malorich_djvu.txt> This is a story told about a famous navigator from Hawaiian legends called Mo`ikeha . He was a navigator that used stars to sail back and forth to Tahiti long before captain Cook and explorers and without using maps.
"Government Officials - Provisional Government and Republic." Government Officials - Provisional Government and Republic. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. <http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=31706&g2_imageViewsIndex=1> This site confirms the original missionaries are getting expensive pieces of land and exporting goods for great personal wealth not for serving the church.
"Hawaiians." - History, European Settlement in the Hawaiian Islands. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2015. <http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Hawaiians.html > Exploration by the Europeans and Captain Cook. Captain Cook did well on his first exploration and was killed on the second voyage. The Hawaiians no longer saw him as a God; especially when he took one of their leaders after a fight over a missing boat. This history website shows how we did not respect others cultures or approach people like we valued them. They killed some of the Europeans in return.
"History Grove Farm. Inc." History. Grove Farms., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2015. <http://www.grovefarm.com/about-us> This is the website of one of the founding sugar farms in Hawaii. It gives history links to pages about sugar and the plantations. Sugar cane was already present when Captain James Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 and it was not mass produced and marketed. Hawaiian and other South Pacific people did not make sugar as we know it; they simply chewed the sweet stalks.
Hollyer Jim. "History Of Agriculture In Hawaii." HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN HAWAII (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 09 Oct. 2015. <http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/HISTORY-OF-AGRICULTURE-IN-HAWAII.pdf> Explorers peak in grazing animals (cattle, goats, and sheep) and plants (expand native sugar cane, pineapple, coffee) that make farmers money but overtake or eradicate indigenous plants that supply food and medicine to Native Hawaiians . This is a PDF that was done with the Department of Agriculture. It is important to get historical information on what was brought to Hawaii by the explorers from Europe and what was brought from the Polynesians.
"Immigration from Asia." Immigration from Asia. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. <http://websupport1.citytech.cuny.edu/Faculty/pcatapano/lectures_immigration/asianimmigrationS07.html> In 1890, many immigrated to Hawaii to work sugar and pineapple plantations. Pineapples were there before the Dole family arrived. Many Asian’s migrated to Hawaii for work in the fields (pineapple, sugar, coffee and other crops). This site gave account of the near slave like conditions of many of the plantations.
"Imperialism in Latin America." Imperialism in Latin America. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. <http://tdl.org/txlor-dspace/bitstream/handle/2249.3/187/06_imp_lat_am.htm> This site gave the historical context of the importance of the Pacific Ocean to Atlantic Ocean waterway and the future Panama Canal and the impact on Hawaii for exportation and importation.
Kawena Pukui’s Mary. "Voyaging Proverbs." Voyaging Proverbs. Bishop Museum Press, 1983. Web. 02 Oct. 2015. <http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/canoe_living/proverbs.html> Ola i ke ahe lau makani "Life is in a gentle breath of wind." Hawaiian proverb. This site has many proverbs in original Hawaiian language. This was used for the cultural page. The teaching of the Hawaiian language was banned in 1896 and is relevant to unjustified cultural extermination the people suffered.
Kuykendall , Ralph S.The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1874–1893 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1967). This book thoroughly explains the collapse of the Hawaiian kingdom from a historian’s perspective. It supplies timelines and validates other dates I have on my website.
La Croix, Summer and Christopher Grandy. “The Political Instability of Reciprocal Trade and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom”. The Journal of Economic History 57, no. 1(1997): 161-189. This journal article discusses trade relations between small and large countries and the influences that play on internal politics. This site strengthens my stand that more money results in greater U.S. power and the overthrow of Hawaii.
Larison Daniel . "Anti-Imperial Presidency A 19th-century Model for the Right Foreign-policy." The American Conservative. N.p., 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. <http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/anti-imperial-presidency/> This website confirms President Cleveland tried to side with Hawaii, but failed in the end. The Queen considered him a friend, and was disappointed. Cleveland sided with the Blount report (anti-annexation) but then went back to state he sided with the Republic of Hawaii. "Likelike, Miriam, Princess of Hawaii, 1851-1887." Likelike, Miriam, Princess of Hawaii, 1851-1887. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Jan. 2016. <http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=3551> This black and white image from the 1870s image shows Schenectady native John Dominis with his wife. These are some of the original protestant ministers that arrived and converted the Hawaiian people. These pictures show the conservative clothing at the time, compared to some of the native Hawaiian people. Images originally came from the collections of the Hawaii State Archives but I also used information about the Queen’s childhood on the website. Marcus Ben. "SURFING FOR LIFE -- History of Surfing." SURFING FOR LIFE -- History of Surfing. FROM POLYNESIA, WITH LOVE, n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2015. <http://www.surfingforlife.com/history.html> Quote "The decline and discontinuation of the use of the surfboard, as civilization advances, may be accounted for by the increase in modesty, industry and religion, without supposing, as some have affected to believe, that missionaries caused oppressive enactments against it." This is important to the culture of Hawaii and even though it had been banned Hawaiians brought it back and it flourishes today.
Marcus Ben. "SURFING FOR LIFE -- History of Surfing." SURFING FOR LIFE -- History of Surfing. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. http://www.surfingforlife.com/history.html Used quote for cultural page. “The undermining of Hawaiian culture accelerated in 1820, when the first of the Calvinistic Christian missionaries arrived from England and began to convert the Hawaiians from polytheism to the one True God”. This is important to see how closed minded the explorers were to other ways of thinking about religion.
"Panic of 1893." Business in United States of America. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. <http://ebusinessinusa.com/2645-panic-of-1893.html> I used pictures of the panic of 1893 on my website. I used Newspaper illustration depicting the panic in the New York Stock Exchange on May 5, 1893. The U.S. was seeking ways to build the economy and Hawaii was a big target.
Perez Rob. "Judge Helped Keep Hawaii for the People." Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News. N.p., 25 Oct. 1999. Web. 09 Nov. 2015. <http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/10/25/news/story5.html> This site strengthens my argument The Big 5 industries ran Hawaii and were thought to have plotted the whole annexation process of Hawaii for profit. They were deep in politics and their business control was widespread. These big five companies trace back to the sugar industry.
"Pineapples Arrive in Hawaii." Pineapples Arrive in Hawaii. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2015. <http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/hawaiifirstpineapples.htm> This site talks about how pineapples are only grown in Hawaii for sales in Hawaii. The farms have downsized because the land is too expensive to be used for agriculture. Real estate is much more profitable. This information was used for a chart and current economics in Hawaii.
"Quest for Empire." Quest for Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. <http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist111/empire.html>Queen Liliuokalani (1838-1917) was the last sovereign of the Hawaiian Kamehameha Dynasty. This dynasty ruled a unified kingdom since 1810 with their own military and government in place. Their governing problems happened when the U.S. government and businessmen took advantage of the islands for resources in the name of Christianity and spreading the Gospel.
Reporter, Daily Mail. "Hawaii 1890: Is This the First Ever Picture of a Surfer about to Ride the Waves in the 19th Century?" Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1361094/Hawaii-1890-Is-picture-surfer-ride-waves-19th-century.html>. Quote used. "Hawaii 1890: Picture of surfers riding the waves in the 19th century. A major part of the Hawaiian culture, surfing and hula had been outlawed by explorers, and seen has non-Christian an uncivilized”. Surfing is a part of the culture than the christian explorers banned.
Russ William A. Jr. 26 Kinzer, Stephen. Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. New York: Times Books, 2006. This author stated stronger nations have three goals, either to impose their ideology, increase their power, or gain control of valuable resources. This confirms my stand the U.S. arranged to depose the Queen.
Russ William Adam, The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94) (Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 1992). This book is about the 1890’s revolution that abrogated the monarchy and ended the sovereignty of the Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands. Russ focuses on the days of the revolution and the reaction to the news in the United States. It was useful to my website, because of its historical significance.
"Sage American History." Sage American History. New World Encyclopedia, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2015. <http://www.sageamericanhistory.net> This site is important and discusses the people who opposed the annexation of Hawaii and their reasons why. Some people just thought it was immoral and wrong to take over a nation but others were racist and did not want people of color being mixed in with whites.
Said, Edward W. "Quotes About Imperialism." (111 Quotes). N.p., 20 July 2003. Web. 10 Oct. 2015. <http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/imperialism>. Used quote “Every empire, however, tells itself and the world that it is unlike all other empires, that its mission is not to plunder and control but to educate and liberate." This quote relates to my website and the how Hawaii is just one of the countries since the beginning of time and history that has been taken over by a greater power.
Siler, Julia Flynn. Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 2012. Print. This book strengthened my stand on anti- imperialism and the wrongs done to Queen Liliuokalani. I interviewed Mrs. Flynn and used one of her quotes on my economic tab page. “Some of the families and firms behind Queen Liliuokalani’s overthrow more than a century ago still wield power in Hawai‘i. Castle & Cooke, one of the companies founded by the first Christian missionaries to the islands, was intimately involved in her overthrow the islands, was intimately involved in her overthrow".
Silva, Noenoe K. Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004, pages 123-163. Quote used: “The Hawaiian islands had a well-established culture and long history of self-governance when Captain James Cook, the first European explorer to set foot on Hawaii, landed in 1778. The influence of European and American settlers quickly began to alter traditional ways of life.” This is information important to by tab page on culture and how the Hawaiian’s had their own culture and Europeans took over and put their own culture into place and did not show respect and leave the current culture in place or have any value for it. I also interviewed Mrs. Silva. Mrs. Silva interprets the Hawaiian language and discovered and interpreted original documents that proved Hawaiians protested against the annexation of Hawaii. Smith, Wendy. "How Haoles Destroyed Hawaii." The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/07/how-haoles-destroyed-hawaii.html> Hawaii as an independent nation before Haoles (white people) explored the Islands and used the land for plantations. This is a biased but fact based viewpoint with some person opinions. It states many facts about how the Hawaiian’s were doing prior to explorers and many of the negative things the occurred with the explorers. It was not an even exchange of taking and giving back.
"Spanish American War." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015. <http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war >The data from this website was important to show what was historically going on in the world involving imperialism and the economy. Many people were openly racist and felt any darker skinned people were inferior and did not have a problem taking over their lands or country. This site is also important to see historically what was going on with other people in the world, not just Hawaii.
"The 1887 Bayonet Constitution: The Beginning of the Insurgency." Hawaiian Kingdom Blog. N.p., 25 Aug. 2014. Web. 15 Oct. 2015. <http://hawaiiankingdom.org/blog/the-1887-bayonet-constitution-the-beginning-of-the-insurgency/> This is a weblog about different politics in Hawaii. It was useful to my website and had had pictures of the American soldiers with bayonets in Hawaii in 1887. It is a blog, so there are opinions on the site as well. Many of the areas of the website to link for a formal historical site and it is good for looking for other articles about the Bayonet Constitution. This group got away with threatening the King and neutralizing the power of the native vote in order to take control of the government for their economic gain. "The Saint Paul Globe. (St. Paul, Minn.) 1896-1905, June 17, 1897, Image 1." News about Chronicling America RSS. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059523/1897-06-17/ed-1/seq-1/ >This is where I found the Uncle Sam with the fork political cartoon. This is a site run by the Library of Congress and is the newspaper catalog of many newspapers since 1690 to the present (actual entire paper pages not just articles). The site has the ability to scan and magnify the newspaper pages and zoom in to small details and they remain very clear. It was very helpful in finding newspapers from the 1800’s they were not blurry and pixilated and had the original source of the pictures and articles.
"TOP 7 QUOTES BY ISRAEL KAMAKAWIWO'OLE | A-Z Quotes." A-Z Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2015. <http://www.azquotes.com/author/28764-Israel_Kamakawiwo_ole> Israel "Iz" Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole quote. “Facing backwards, I see the past, our nation gained, our nation lost, our sovereignty gone, our lands gone, all traded for the promise of progress, what would they say... what can we say? Facing future I see hope, hope that we will survive, hope that we will prosper, hope that once again we will reap the blessings of this magical land, for without hope I cannot live, remember the past but do not dwell there, face the future where all our hopes stand”. Israel was a native Hawaiian singer,songwriter and political activist that passed away. He spoke of and sang songs about the loss of the Hawaiian lands and culture but promoted peace. "US Imperialism." American Imperialism During 18901914. N.p., 04 Apr. 2010. Web. 19 Dec. 2015. <https://onemantoseethemall.wordpress.com/us-imperialism/ > Panama Canal and association with imperialism and Hawaii. This is another waterway the U.S. wants to use for transportation and protect the U.S. This was one step towards joining the Pacific and Atlantic waterways. I used a photo and historical data about how the U.S. wanted and needed the waterway.
VANLAL HRUAIA. "THE MODERN CHURCH." Life4Journey. N.p., 25 May 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2015. <https://beeyondaroz.wordpress.com/931-2/Picture>. The departure of the missionaries from New Haven, Connecticut, for the Sandwich Islands in 1822. This is good picture for my website to show where the missionaries came from. "Voyaging Sources." Hawaii History. Fuseaction, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=583> Hawaiian culture stretches south to Polynesia to the islands of the Western Pacific and the edges of Asia. This establishment of a full and rich culture prior to exploration by the Europeans and Americans is important to the reasons for anti-imperialists and leaving other cultures alone and autonomous.
Walden, Andrew. "Hawaii Statehood: Tiny 1959 Opposition Was Anti-Japanese, Not Anti-American Hawaii Free Press." Hawaii Free Press, 21 Aug. 2009. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. <http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/1045/Hawaii-Statehood-Tiny-1959-opposition-was-anti-Japanese-not-anti-American.aspx > This website exposes the reality of the small 6 % that was motivated by a fear of elections. Opponents preferred to continue with a Territorial government consisting of officials appointed by Washington rather than a State government elected by voters who were heavily Japanese-American and heavily tied to plantation labor. Opponents of Statehood is a viewpoint that was not popular to discuss and seen as anti-American, but relevant to those that continued to oppose any rule from the U.S.